KRAS mutations RAS genes (H-RAS, K-RAS and N-RAS) code similar G proteins involved in growth and differentiation signals from the receptors tyrosine kinase to the core cells. The K-RAS gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 12 (12p12.1) and at a molecular level, there have been cases of colorectal cancer associated with mutations […]
Loss of LPL, del(8p22) Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene located at 8p22 region and c-myc gene located at the 8q24 region, allows for prognosis in prostate cancer. Two of the most significant genetic alterations detected in prostate cancer include 8q24 gain and loss 8p21-22 heterozygous. It has been found that deletion of LPL locus is observed in 68% of analyzed prostate cancers by FISH analysis.
HER-2/ERBB2 amplification (17q11.2-12) HER-2/neu gene, also known as ERBB2 or HER2, encodes a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinases, which plays a role in cell growth and is amplified and overexpressed in 20–30% of cases of primary human breast. Besides breat cancer, HER2 is also overexpressed/amplified in a
CMYC amplification, (8q24) Nuclear oncoprotein C-myc is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis. Amplification and overexpression has been associated with numerous cancers, including esophageal tumors. Loss of FHIT and/or gain of MYC are related to an adverse prognosis in resected Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and their use in a risk classification warrants to select
Loss of P16 (9p21) and 3, 7, 17 aneuploidy The loss of tumor suppressor gene P16 / CDKN2A / INK4A / MTS1 (9p21) is a prognostic factor associated with bladder cancer recurrence. Together with the identification and quantification of chromosomes 3, 7 and 17 aneuploidy in urine samples from patients with hematuria suspected of having
9p21 and Cr. 3, 7, 17 (Urovysion) Read More »
SMAX1 amplification (Xq12) The androgen receptor (AR/NR3C4/SMAX1) plays a critical role in normal prostate development and functions as a critical oncogene in all stages of prostate cancer progression and transformation, including progression to castration-resistance following androgen-deprivation therapy. NR3C4 (Xq12) controlls signaling remains and therefore remains as an important objective for the specific therapeutic interventions. Several studies suggest that AR expression
N-RAS mutations RAS genes (H-RAS, K-RAS and N-RAS) code similar G proteins involved in growth and differentiation signals from the receptors tyrosine kinase to the core cells. The N-RAS gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 1 (1p22-p32) and at a molecular level, there have been cases of colorectal cancer associated with mutations
Mutations in PIK3CA PIK3CA gene belongs to the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3 kinase) family and encodes the p110 catalytic subunit of PI3K. These lipid kinases promote various biological processes, including cell proliferation and survival. PIK3CA mutations have been identified in many hereditary syndromes and human solid tumors, including colon, breast, brain, ovary, liver and lung. In
ALK rearrangements, t(2p23) Identification of ALK (2p23) rearrangements is indicated as predictive marker for treatment response with ALK molecule inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ALK rearrangements often appear in one subset of patients with NSCLC. These patients share many of the clinical features with EGFR mutated NSCL patients. However, with few exceptions, ALK
Mutations involving EGFR gene Somatic mutations involving the EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) tyrosine kinase domain confer susceptibility to therapeutic molecules (gefitinib and erlotinib), approved for the treatment of NSCLC (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer). These mutations consist of small nucleotide deletions or substitutions in exons 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the EGFR gene, and
